The following references encompass the experimental, clinical, and translational literature on Citicoline (cytidine-5′-diphosphocholine), a neuroprotective and neuroregenerative compound with broad applications in cognitive and cerebrovascular disorders. These studies investigate its biochemical role in phospholipid metabolism, membrane repair, and neurotransmitter modulation, as well as its therapeutic potential in stroke, traumatic brain injury, glaucoma, neurodegenerative diseases, and cognitive decline. Collectively, this body of evidence outlines Citicoline’s mechanisms of action and its relevance as a pharmacological and nutritional intervention for optimizing brain health and cognitive performance.
Cognizin (a patented form of Citicoline) is a key ingredient of Neuro FORMULA.
1) Cognitive Enhancement & Memory Function
1: Secades JJ, Gareri P. Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2022 update. Rev Neurol. 2022 Nov 30;75(s05):S1-S89. English, Spanish. doi: 10.33588/rn.75s05.2022311. PMID: 36544369; PMCID: PMC10548480.
2: Jasielski P, Piędel F, Piwek M, Rocka A, Petit V, Rejdak K. Application of Citicoline in Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020 Oct 12;12(10):3113. doi: 10.3390/nu12103113. PMID: 33053828; PMCID: PMC7601330.
3: Bonvicini M, Travaglini S, Lelli D, Antonelli Incalzi R, Pedone C. Is Citicoline Effective in Preventing and Slowing Down Dementia?-A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 12;15(2):386. doi: 10.3390/nu15020386. PMID: 36678257; PMCID: PMC9866349.
4: Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Buhadily AK, Al-Gareeb AI, Alorabi M, Hadi Al-Harcan NA, El-Bouseary MM, Batiha GE. Citicoline and COVID-19: vis-à-vis conjectured. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2022 Dec;395(12):1463-1475. doi: 10.1007/s00210-022-02284-6. Epub 2022 Sep 5. PMID: 36063198; PMCID: PMC9442587.
5: Agarwal A, Vishnu VY, Sharma J, Bhatia R, Garg A, Dwivedi S, Upadhyay A, Goyal V, Singh MB, Gupta A, Rajan R, Srivastava MVP. Citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2022 May 31;17(5):e0269224. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269224. PMID: 35639720; PMCID: PMC9154187.
6: Świątkiewicz M, Grieb P. Citicoline for Supporting Memory in Aging Humans. Aging Dis. 2023 Aug 1;14(4):1184-1195. doi: 10.14336/AD.2022.0913. PMID: 37196134; PMCID: PMC10389840.
7: Bermejo PE, Dorado R, Zea-Sevilla MA. Role of Citicoline in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neurosci Insights. 2023 Feb 16;18:26331055231152496. doi: 10.1177/26331055231152496. PMID: 36818199; PMCID: PMC9936398.
8: Prinz J, Prokosch V, Liu H, Walter P, Fuest M, Migliorini F. Efficacy of citicoline as a supplement in glaucoma patients: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2023 Sep 28;18(9):e0291836. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291836. PMID: 37768938; PMCID: PMC10538785.
9: Nakazaki E, Mah E, Sanoshy K, Citrolo D, Watanabe F. Citicoline and Memory Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Nutr. 2021 Aug 7;151(8):2153-2160. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab119. PMID: 33978188; PMCID: PMC8349115.
10: Cavalu S, Saber S, Ramadan A, Elmorsy EA, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Youssef ME. Unveiling citicoline’s mechanisms and clinical relevance in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders. FASEB J. 2024 Sep 15;38(17):e70030. doi: 10.1096/fj.202400823R. PMID: 39221499.
11: Turana Y, Nathaniel M, Shen R, Ali S, Aparasu RR. Citicoline and COVID-19-Related Cognitive and Other Neurologic Complications. Brain Sci. 2021 Dec 31;12(1):59. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12010059. PMID: 35053804; PMCID: PMC8782421.
12: Que DS, Jamora RDG. Citicoline as Adjuvant Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Clin Ther. 2021 Jan;43(1):e19-e31. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.11.009. Epub 2020 Dec 3. PMID: 33279231.
13: Martí-Carvajal AJ, Valli C, Martí-Amarista CE, Solà I, Martí-Fàbregas J, Bonfill Cosp X. Citicoline for treating people with acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 29;8(8):CD013066. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013066.pub2. PMID: 32860632; PMCID: PMC8406786.
14: García-López C, García-López V, Matamoros JA, Fernández-Albarral JA, Salobrar-García E, de Hoz R, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Ramírez JM, Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ. The Role of Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10 in Retinal Pathology. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 7;24(6):5072. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065072. PMID: 36982157; PMCID: PMC10049438.
15: Oddone F, Rossetti L, Parravano M, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Ziccardi L, Roberti G, Carnevale C, Romano D, Manni G, Parisi V. Citicoline in Ophthalmological Neurodegenerative Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Mar 20;14(3):281. doi: 10.3390/ph14030281. PMID: 33804675; PMCID: PMC8003774.
16: Secades JJ, Trimmel H, Salazar B, González JA. Citicoline for the Management of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in the Acute Phase: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel). 2023 Jan 29;13(2):369. doi: 10.3390/life13020369. PMID: 36836726; PMCID: PMC9958735.
17: Iulia C, Ruxandra T, Costin LB, Liliana-Mary V. Citicoline – a neuroprotector with proven effects on glaucomatous disease. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2017 Jul-Sep;61(3):152-158. doi: 10.22336/rjo.2017.29. PMID: 29450391; PMCID: PMC5710031.
18: Secades JJ. Role of Citicoline in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Apr 26;14(5):410. doi: 10.3390/ph14050410. PMID: 33926011; PMCID: PMC8146347.
19: Bruce SE, Werner KB, Preston BF, Baker LM. Improvements in concentration, working memory and sustained attention following consumption of a natural citicoline-caffeine beverage. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Dec;65(8):1003-7. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2014.940286. Epub 2014 Jul 21. PMID: 25046515; PMCID: PMC4517431.
20: Parisi V, Oddone F, Ziccardi L, Roberti G, Coppola G, Manni G. Citicoline and Retinal Ganglion Cells: Effects on Morphology and Function. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(7):919-932. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666170703111729. PMID: 28676014; PMCID: PMC6120106.
21: Shavlovskaya OA. Effektivnost’ Rekognana (tsitikolin) u patsientov s tserebrovaskulyarnymi zabolevaniyami i sakharnym diabetom 2-go tipa [Recognan (citicoline) prescribing in cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2024;124(9):23-27. Russian. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202412409123. PMID: 39435773.
22: Jünemann AGM, Grieb P, Rejdak R. Bedeutung von Citicolin bei der Glaukomerkrankung [The role of citicoline in glaucoma]. Ophthalmologe. 2021 May;118(5):439-448. German. doi: 10.1007/s00347-021-01362-z. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PMID: 33730306; PMCID: PMC7967777.
23: Kansakar U, Trimarco V, Mone P, Varzideh F, Lombardi A, Santulli G. Choline supplements: An update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Mar 7;14:1148166. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148166. PMID: 36950691; PMCID: PMC10025538.
24: Shavlovskaya OA. Rekognan (tsitikolin) v korrektsii astenicheskikh i trevozhno-depressivnykh narushenii [Recognan (citicoline) in the correction of asthenic and anxiety-depressive disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2024;124(6):43-47. Russian. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202412406143. PMID: 39072565.
25: Wignall ND, Brown ES. Citicoline in addictive disorders: a review of the literature. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014 Jul;40(4):262-8. doi: 10.3109/00952990.2014.925467. Epub 2014 Jun 20. PMID: 24950234; PMCID: PMC4139283.